High head low suction pressure

What causes high suction pressure and low discharge pressure? The main reasons your compressor will have simultaneously low head pressure and high suction pressure is due to: Bad or leaky compressor valves. Worn compressor piston rings. Leaky oil separator return line. What happens to the vapor when it enters the condenser?Mar 24, 2023 · In addition to a malfunctioning TXV, other factors that can cause high subcooling include a dirty condenser coil or restricted airflow over the condenser. Low Suction pressure/ low head pressure. A bad TXV can also cause low suction pressure and low head pressure in an HVAC system by restricting the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator coil. Are you confused about all the different blood pressure readings? You aren’t alone. Read this quick guide to learn more about the difference between systolic and diastolic, what no...Jan 1, 2024 · The low suction pressure was due to a decrease in the local pressure of the refrigerant. The low refrigerant flow is occurred due to restrictions in the flow due to dirty filters. The heat transfer is minimum due to the insufficient refrigerant flowing through the system. It will ultimately reduce the operational performance of the HVAC system. Sep 4, 2017 · Refrigeration service technicians often run service calls in which they find a compressor with a higher-than-normal suction pressure along with a lower-than-normal head pressure. Many times, the refrigeration equipment is still running, but the product temperature is too warm, which causes product quality and safety to suffer. When calculating DTD, a “higher” DTD means lower suction pressure compared to the return temperature; a lower DTD means higher suction pressure. That means that when the temperature of the air passing over the evaporator is 80 ° , the low side saturation temperature should be 45 ° when the system is set for 400 CFM per ton …Rupturing of the eardrum can occur from a blow to the head, an object pushed into the ear, severe barometric pressure, inner ear infections or from very loud noises. Rupturing of t...Frontier Airlines increased its offer for Spirit Airlines on Friday, a week before Spirit shareholders vote on whether to approve the proposed merger between low-cost carriers. Fro..."high head, low suction" 310 isn't high, unless the outdoor temp is 70F which probably isn't the case. Typical condensing temps for 13 SEER cooling equipment is 15-20 degrees above outdoor temp. The saturated temp for 310psi is right at 99F. So, if the OD was much above 85F, the head pressure was on the low side.:001_unsure:Typical low pressure or suction side pressure for R410A is about 120 psi, varying by ambient temperature, here assuming 75°F, may vary by equipment and metering controls. 3. Typical high side pressure for R410A is < 600 psi at an ambient outdoor temperature of 95 °F, may vary by equipment. 4. A patient with low blood pressure, or hypotension, should see a doctor if he experiences dizziness, fainting, irregular heartbeat, breathlessness or chest pain, according to Medlin...Unable to fetch comments. Many servicemen experience service calls where the compressor has both a low head pressure and a high suction pressure. There are …A blockage causes high head pressure while suction pressure remains low. This imbalance puts strain on the compressor and reduces cooling efficiency. To …Jan 1, 2012 · went to customer home check on r22 heat pump cut out ,the pressure on high side is 400 lbs,and low side is 30 lbs in cooling mode,and it run 3mins and cut off each time u turn it on,and running in heat mode the pressure is normal,but still cut off in few mins,check the line voltage is normal,condenser coil is clean,indoor coil in new with tev,an... But there are another factor can cause high suction pressure and low superheat. This factor when the system is overcharged of refrigerant, overfeeding the evaporator with refrigerant leads to higher …In Suction Lift, the pump must generate a low enough pressure at the eye of the impeller to have the fluid pushed into the pump by atmospheric pressure. Energy is used to make this happen and results in less energy available for pressure at the discharge. Notice the overall pressure readings are lower but the differential pressure (75 PSI ...The most common causes of pressure in the head and face include allergies, ear infections, the common cold, muscle tension, sinusitis, stress and tension headaches. Increased intra...May 2, 2009 · I have a suction pressure of 70, converted temp of 41, suction line temp of 51, head pressure of 250, converted temp of 117, head line temp of 96. Air entering condenser is 82 and exit is 100. Air entering evaporator is 76 and exiting is 52. Permissible pump suction head or static suction head (h s) is the only parameter concerning cavitation which the purchaser of a pump can normally influence. To ensure cavitation-free operation the pump should be installed so that: Figure 3.62a. which is the same condition as expressed in equation 3.61d. When both sides of the equation are …Low pulse pressure, or low blood pressure, is not always indicative of a health problem and it is usually not alarming to doctors unless the patient is exhibiting other symptoms ca...Justin Berman has one of the most important jobs at Dropbox. As head of security, he oversees the company’s cybersecurity strategy, its defenses and works daily to keep its more th...High Suction Pressure! I have a 3Ton Carrier Heat Pump unit using 410A that has extremely high suction pressure around 250PSI. I also have a low liquid line pressure around 300PSI and my sub-cooling is around 40-50 Degrees. I have checked for a stuck liquid line solenoid but this system does not have one, and I checked the reversing …Description: HHL-Flomax (High Head Low Flow) "HR" high pressure self-priming centrifugal pumps meet USCG specifications for auxiliary fire control. The high suction centerline and impeller design eliminates premature priming loss while ensuring consistent priming Discharge Size: 1.5 inch; Maximum Discharge Flow: 108 to 180 GPM; Power …The compressor is still cooling, but not to its rated capacity, which can cause refrigerated products to spoil faster and frozen products to begin to thaw. There are three main reasons why a compressor will simultaneously have a low head pressure and a high suction pressure: 1. Bad (leaky) compressor valves; 2. Worn compressor rings; and.Suction line frosting back to compressor and crankcase frosting too. Repeatedly tripping sentronic+. 35 psi net oil press. No press difference between crank and suction. Crankcase heater working. R-22 40 psig suction 160 psig head, 8* sh at comp. sorry no sc data. 40* outdoor ambient.Advertisement Let's start with hurricanes, with their low-pressure "eye" and multitudes of thunderstorms spinning around it. You probably know that these large tropical cyclones ar...Typical low pressure or suction side pressure for R410A is about 120 psi, varying by ambient temperature, here assuming 75°F, may vary by equipment and metering controls. 3. Typical high side pressure for R410A is < 600 psi at an ambient outdoor temperature of 95 °F, may vary by equipment. 4. So we replace the compressor (same model #), replace the liquid line filter dryer, and evacuate to 500 microns. I weigh the charge in per the manual = unit's orignal charge + addl ounces per foot of lineset - total of 5# 6 oz. Start unit up, damn it, looks wrong immediatelY: Suction: 149.5 psi. Suction Temp: 55.4*F.If the suction pressure is 45 psi, (which converts to 22 ° F) and the suction temp is 32 ° F, the system still has 10 ° F of superheat. The fact that these readings are normal indicates the low suction pressure is not caused by low refrigerant, but insufficient heat getting to the evaporator. CAUSE #2: Defective, plugged, or undersized ... The compressor is still cooling, but not to its rated capacity, which can cause refrigerated products to spoil faster and frozen products to begin to thaw. There are three main reasons why a compressor will simultaneously have a low head pressure and a high suction pressure: 1. Bad (leaky) compressor valves; 2. Worn compressor rings; and.Feb 26, 2022 · Causes of high head pressure low suction pressure. For any HVAC system, The two pressures are to be maintained. Excessive refrigerant, higher outdoor temperature, improper cleaning of coils are the main reason for both pressures. Suppose the evaporator is not getting sufficient refrigerant from the compressor. Thread: very high head pressure with very low suction pressure. Thread Tools. Show Printable Version; 01-03-2012, 09:48 PM #21. ARTICHILL. View Profile View Forum Posts View Forum Threads Regular Guest Join Date Jan 2010 Location Heat Pump Belt Posts 92 Post Likes Likes (Given) 0The SCE-L is a High Head Low Flow (OH2) are horizontal pumps with semi-open impeller design, heavy-duty centrifugal process pumps with a back-pull-out design for easy maintenance. We have the latest engineering techniques and tools to assure our customers the best product quality. Designed to comply with the latest edition of API 610.A compressor that overheats and no longer operates properly (e.g. short cycles on low pressure cut-out or runs continuously); ... Increased pressure throughout the system, characterized by high head pressure and high suction pressure with low suction superheat; Increased flooding of refrigerant to the compressor during off-cycle, ...Nov 12, 2016 · Very high suctuion and head pressure on heating mode. Hello, I have a Rheem (2015) heat pump 2ton 410A, on cooling mode the system runs great; suction and liquid pressure are ok 185/360, super heat 10 F, with 90F outdoor temperature, now the winter is coming and the system on heating mode the gages read high pressure on both sides, begin from ... Jun 28, 2010 · Vocational, Technical or Tra... 3,129 satisfied customers. I have high suction pressure and slightly low to correct head. I have high suction pressure and slightly low to correct head pressure. It is a heat pump operating in heat mode. Filters are clean and indoor coil is … read more. Very high suctuion and head pressure on heating mode. Hello, I have a Rheem (2015) heat pump 2ton 410A, on cooling mode the system runs great; suction and liquid pressure are ok 185/360, super heat 10 F, with 90F outdoor temperature, now the winter is coming and the system on heating mode the gages read high pressure on both …Jun 9, 2006 · Apr 2005. Posts. 517. Post Likes. Two things that can cause high head pressure on water cooled condensers are... A. Low flow, water flow related problems. This can be checked by taking entering water and leaving water temperatures of the condenser and compare to design conditions. typical is a 10* delta temperature. Jan 2, 2013 · 404a pressures in low. I have a r-404a roof-top condensing serving a walk in freezer. pressures are 235 psi head pressure and a 28psi suction pressure. Outdoor ambient is 30degress and indoor box temperature is about 20degrees. System has a head pressure control on roof for hot gas. Wondering if pressures sound right. The elevation head of a piping system is the physical difference in height between a lower and a higher liquid level! It results from the sum of the suction head and discharge head. Figure: ... For pumping water with a density of ϱ = 1000 kg/m³ the maximum suction head at an ambient pressure of 1 bar is thus 10 meters.This one covers changing head pressure by changing the setting of the water valve. On the fixed orifice device air conditioner, changing head pressure chang...Causes of high head pressure low suction pressure For any HVAC system, The two pressures are to be maintained. Excessive refrigerant, higher outdoor …3. Airflow through the evaporator is too high. When there is an excess flow of air through the evaporator coil, the capability of the system to remove moisture is reduced. The vapor picks up more than usual heat which causes the suction pressure to be higher than normal pressure and has a higher superheat. 4.Justin Berman has one of the most important jobs at Dropbox. As head of security, he oversees the company’s cybersecurity strategy, its defenses and works daily to keep its more th...Came across another Rheem recently with a high head pressure in heat mode. Its a RPPL. Head pressure slowly climbs to above 600, suction pressure is normal not low at all. Airflow inside is okay... static pressure is .7inWc. Coils are clean. In cooling mode the charge looks damn near perfect... 11 degrees subcooling and 9-11 degrees superheat. High discharge pressure, high suction pressure, high subcooling, and high compression ratios are all symptoms of a (n) _____. A. inefficient evaporator B. restriction C. refrigerant overcharge D. low refrigerant chargeJul 25, 2011 · High discharge temperatures can indicate minimal movement of refrigerant. Because the refrigerant isn't being pumped at design rates it stays in the condenser for a longer period of time and is cooled more, hence lower head pressures, and in turn, if the compressor is not pumping well, you will see elevated suction pressures. Reply. Typical low pressure or suction side pressure for R410A is about 120 psi, varying by ambient temperature, here assuming 75°F, may vary by equipment and metering controls. 3. Typical high side pressure for R410A is < 600 psi at an ambient outdoor temperature of 95 °F, may vary by equipment. 4.Listed below are field service terms or trade jargon often used to describe these pressures. Condensing pressure: High-side pressure, head pressure, discharge pressure. Evaporating pressure: Low-side pressure, suction pressure, back pressure. Figure 1. A basic refrigeration system showing refrigerant pressures, states, and …Low blood pressure, or hypotension, is generally not a concern and requires no treatment in healthy people, according to WebMD. Treatment of hypotension may require treatment of an...What causes low superheat and high subcooling? Because these readings are normal, the low suction pressure is caused by insufficient heat getting to the evaporator rather than low refrigerant. CAUSE #2: A faulty, plugged-in, or undersized metering device is to blame. As refrigerant is added to TXV systems with high superheat, double-check the ...Positive displacement pumps were developed long before centrifugal pumps. Liquid is positively displaced from a fixed-volume container. Positive-displacement pumps are capable of developing high pressures while operating at low suction pressures. They are commonly referred to as constant-volume pumps. Unlike centrifugal pumps, …Suction line frosting back to compressor and crankcase frosting too. Repeatedly tripping sentronic+. 35 psi net oil press. No press difference between crank and suction. Crankcase heater working. R-22 40 psig suction 160 psig head, 8* sh at comp. sorry no sc data. 40* outdoor ambient.Low-Pressure Suction Side. The low-pressure side, when connected to the gauge, should read less than 100 psi. PSI is the common measurement for pressure used in terms of pounds per square inch. By the time the refrigerant reaches these lines it has lost most of its heat and has collapsed into a liquid state, taking up less volume.Scroll Troubleshooting Solution Chart - Copeland A/C Specific. Deep Vacuum Conditions. Deep vacuum can cause arcing damage to the Fusite pins. Models built after September 1991 have an internal vacuum protection and stop pumping when the pressure exceeds approximate. 10:1. Scroll compressors should never be used to evacuate a system, allowed to ... Low head pressure may occur simulataneously with high pressure on the suction side of an air conditioner, heat pump or refrigeration system compressor system. If the system is …Nov 9, 2018 · Our diagnostic sheet shows that liquid line restrictions cause low suction pressure and normal to low head pressure, not high head pressure. That’s because the compressor requires refrigerant of a specific density to pump refrigerant into the high side of the system; when the suction pressure is low, the compressor can’t move as much ... Lowering the head pressure will result in an increase in the frequency and magnitude of the surge. Conversely, increasing the head pressure will result in lower frequency and magnitude. With a melt pump, simply lowering and raising the suction pressure will give you an indication if a partially filled metering section is the problem, if …Came across another Rheem recently with a high head pressure in heat mode. Its a RPPL. Head pressure slowly climbs to above 600, suction pressure is normal not low at all. Airflow inside is okay... static pressure is .7inWc. Coils are clean. In cooling mode the charge looks damn near perfect... 11 degrees subcooling and 9-11 degrees superheat.High head pressure B. High liquid level C. Low head pressure D. Low suction pressure A. High head pressure What is the typical design burst pressure for a rupture disk on a low-pressure centrifugal air-conditioning system. What causes high suction pressure and low discharge pressure? The main reasons your compressor will have simultaneously low head pressure and high suction pressure is due to: Bad or leaky compressor valves. Worn compressor piston rings. Leaky oil separator return line. What happens to the vapor when it enters the condenser?Walk in cooler low head and suction. Hello. I am an HVAC contractor. I haven't done much refer work, however I recently installed a walk in cooler system. My issue has become a low head and suction pressure. (140/15). The system is a 404A unit. I installed a 3/8" liquid line and a 5/8" suction line. I have a solid ice cube at my txv, and …High suction pressure is the present of refrigerant to the compressor which is carrying by the suction line into the air conditioning system is facing leakage from the discharge valve which is increasing …Unit is tripping out on high head(600psi). Upon starting, the unit runs for 5-10 minutes as discharge slowly but steadily approaches 600psi and begins to continuously short cycle. The suction comes up and remains steady at about 180psi as the head pressure continues to climb. Outdoor ambient temp 68 degrees, indoor ambient temp 72 …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Although cryptos enjoyed strong performances earlier, a lack of fundamental catalysts may apply some pressure on the sector. The fiat alternative narrative isn’t quite panning out ...May 16, 2002 · OPERATING PRESSURE POINTS “Systems using R-410A operate at higher pressures [than R-22],” points out the Field Diagnostics team. “For example, to produce an evaporating temperature of 40 degrees F and a condensing temperature of 115 degrees, the suction and head pressures would be 83 psia and 257 psia in an R-22 system, while they would be 133 and 406 psia, respectively, in an R-410A ... Apr 2005. Posts. 517. Post Likes. Two things that can cause high head pressure on water cooled condensers are... A. Low flow, water flow related problems. This can be checked by taking entering water and leaving water temperatures of the condenser and compare to design conditions. typical is a 10* delta temperature.Normal discharge and suction pressure chart for different refrigerant What is the normal suction pressure and discharge pressure of or freon R22 compressor 1. With 90 F outdoor temperature and 79 F indoor temperature you can expect a 120 F condensing temperature, (ambient plus 30). 2. 90 F + 30 F = … See moreJul 20, 2021 · An R-22 evaporator running at 40F saturation temperature will have a corresponding pressure of 68.5 psig. Should the suction pressure drop below 57 psig, the coil temperature will drop below 32F causing moisture in the air to freeze on it (see Figure 4) causing no end of trouble. A R-410A evaporator running below 100 psig will freeze-up just ... The most common causes of pressure in the head and face include allergies, ear infections, the common cold, muscle tension, sinusitis, stress and tension headaches. Increased intra...This air and water vapor will take up valuable condenser surface area and cause high-head pressures. What would cause low suction pressure and high head …Hi, High head and a low suction pressure can indicate a couple of different things. One, condenser coil very dirty and needs to be washed very well. This will bring your head pressure down but let it run back up to normal engine temperatures. If the head is ok after you clean it, and suction is even lower, you may still be low on charge.On a heat pump system operating in the heating mode, measurements show a high suction pressure at the compressor. the most likely explanation is a: a. Leaking indoor check valve. b. Loose sensing bulb on the indoor expansion valve. c. Leaking reversing valve. d. Loss of charge in the bulb of the outdoor expansion valve.Suction Head. Based on the Energy Equation - the suction head in the fluid close to the impeller *) can be expressed as the sum of the static and velocity head: h s = p s / γ liquid + v s 2 / 2 g (1) where. h s = suction head close to the impeller (m, in) p s = static pressure in the fluid close to the impeller (Pa (N/m 2), psi (lb/in 2)) I just wanted to pick every ones brain i could. I am working on trane condensor and have high head pressure and low suction pressure. It was 90+ out today and I dumped r-22 into the system and no matter what I did I could not get the suction line to sweat and the superheat never dropped below about 20 degrees. my head pressure …High head pressure B. High liquid level C. Low head pressure D. Low suction pressure A. High head pressure What is the typical design burst pressure for a rupture disk on a low-pressure centrifugal air-conditioning system. Causes for High Compression Ratios: • Low suction pressures; • High head pressures; and • A combination of both low suction and high head pressure. The higher the compression ratio, the higher the compressor’s discharge temperature will be. This happens because more heat of compression will be generated when compressing the …Permissible pump suction head or static suction head (h s) is the only parameter concerning cavitation which the purchaser of a pump can normally influence. To ensure cavitation-free operation the pump should be installed so that: Figure 3.62a. which is the same condition as expressed in equation 3.61d. When both sides of the equation are …Jan 1, 2012 · went to customer home check on r22 heat pump cut out ,the pressure on high side is 400 lbs,and low side is 30 lbs in cooling mode,and it run 3mins and cut off each time u turn it on,and running in heat mode the pressure is normal,but still cut off in few mins,check the line voltage is normal,condenser coil is clean,indoor coil in new with tev,an... Low Load. While we often think of the combo of low suction, superheat, and head pressure as being caused by low airflow, it actually falls under a larger heading of low evaporator load. That simply means that the quantity of heat being picked up in the evaporator is lower than the refrigerant mass flow rate requires for the desired operation.Low-Pressure Suction Side. The low-pressure side, when connected to the gauge, should read less than 100 psi. PSI is the common measurement for pressure used in terms of pounds per square inch. By the time the refrigerant reaches these lines it has lost most of its heat and has collapsed into a liquid state, taking up less volume.Goldman Sachs shares have been under pressure this year. That may be creating a rare opportunity to buy low into a premiere investment banking franchise....GS Goldman Sachs (GS) sh...If the suction pressure is 45 psi, (which converts to 22 ° F) and the suction temp is 32 ° F, the system still has 10 ° F of superheat. The fact that these readings are normal indicates the low suction pressure is not caused by low refrigerant, but insufficient heat getting to the evaporator. CAUSE #2: Defective, plugged, or undersized ... May 8, 2017 · Table 1: R134a Saturation Properties pressure table (Reference: www.chemours.com) Back to the problem at hand. For any refrigeration cycle/AC unit there are two operating pressures: suction pressure and discharging pressure, high and low settings for each pressure line determined by the manufacturer will stop the unit. Sep 16, 2011 · I was working on a water source heat pump Trane serial number# W04C11546 MN# GEVB02411J0110TL. The unit is an upflow with the compressor compartment being on the bottom and the fan and coil on top. The problem is that the unit will run for about one minute in cooling mode then goes off on high head (400 psi r-22). Unit runs fine in heat. Hi, I'm having problems with a 3t HP. My suction is running at 45psi and head is at 110psi. I checked evap coil and filter and both were clean, so I figured it was low on R22. I added 7 lbs. (factory charge is 7.25 lbs) and pressures did not change. The suction line is frosting up to the compressor. I'm starting to think I have a bad reversing ...This will cause low subcooling and low head pressure. Low compressor amps: High superheats will cause compressor inlet vapors from the suction line to be extremely expanded, decreasing their density. Low-density vapors entering the compressor will mean low refrigerant flow rates through the compressor.Location Brooklyn Posts 42 Post Likes HIGH SUCTION PRESSURE / LOW HEAD PRESSURE ISSUE Hey guys, need some help i am working on a carrier unit with …Jul 25, 2011 · High discharge temperatures can indicate minimal movement of refrigerant. Because the refrigerant isn't being pumped at design rates it stays in the condenser for a longer period of time and is cooled more, hence lower head pressures, and in turn, if the compressor is not pumping well, you will see elevated suction pressures. Reply. Causes for High Compression Ratios: • Low suction pressures; • High head pressures; and • A combination of both low suction and high head pressure. The higher the compression ratio, the higher the compressor’s discharge temperature will be. This happens because more heat of compression will be generated when compressing the …When it comes to fashion, comfort is key. Low wedge sandals are the perfect way to look stylish and feel comfortable at the same time. With a variety of styles and colors available...A patient with low blood pressure, or hypotension, should see a doctor if he experiences dizziness, fainting, irregular heartbeat, breathlessness or chest pain, according to Medlin...R410a suction pressure may be around 120psi, and R410a head pressure may be anywhere from 225psi to 350psi. Many conditions could apply here, there’s absolutely ‘no’ set point pressure for 410a, r22, or anything else. Educate yourself on whats going on in the heat transfer process. Fig. 3.55 illustrates this by plotting the pump discharge head vs. flow for high- and low-suction tank conditions. The control valve, however, tries to maintain a steady pressure. As a result, the flow rate varies as the suction pressure varies. In some cases, the flow rate may drop to below the recommended minimum at very low head conditions. OPERATING PRESSURE POINTS “Systems using R-410A operate at higher pressures [than R-22],” points out the Field Diagnostics team. “For example, to produce an evaporating temperature of 40 degrees F and a condensing temperature of 115 degrees, the suction and head pressures would be 83 psia and 257 psia in an R-22 …Most HVAC systems are designed for a maximum outdoor ambient temperature of 95° F. So, if the temperature is at or above 95° with high humidity, then you will likely also experience high head pressures. Or at least above normal head pressure for the air conditioner or heat pump. The system is working hard to remove not only the …Lennox Learning Solutions teaches you what causes high head pressure on a heat pump in the heating mode.Toolbox Tuesday covers HVAC tools, accessories, tips,...Feb 26, 2022 · Causes of high head pressure low suction pressure. For any HVAC system, The two pressures are to be maintained. Excessive refrigerant, higher outdoor temperature, improper cleaning of coils are the main reason for both pressures. Suppose the evaporator is not getting sufficient refrigerant from the compressor. Kinins are proteins in the blood that cause inflammation and affect blood pressure (especially low blood pressure). Kinins are proteins in the blood that cause inflammation and aff...Scroll Troubleshooting Solution Chart - Copeland A/C Specific. Deep Vacuum Conditions. Deep vacuum can cause arcing damage to the Fusite pins. Models built after September 1991 have an internal vacuum protection and stop pumping when the pressure exceeds approximate. 10:1. Scroll compressors should never be used to evacuate a system, …I installed a new 410a complete system with new Orfice coil and new lineset. 70 degrees on install date and initial start up. Suction pressure was 110 and high side of 280. It ran for about 15 minutes. I added a little freon and the high side shot up to 425.But as for a partially closed suction shut-off valve, you can open it fully to fix the discharge pressure. Also, check for refrigerant leaks and get it repaired. If the suction pressure is low, check the user manual. High Suction Pressure. A high suction pressure can be caused by an excessive load or overfeeding of the expansion valve.Today, investors in lithium stocks are seeing some of the worst selling pressure as two catalysts team up to hit this sector hard. Luke Lango Issues Dire Warning A $15.7 trillion t... | Cdpbqx (article) | Mbtngi.