Calories burned when cycling

Using a cycling calorie calculator can help determine the number of calories burned in the cycling session, allowing you to make informed decisions about your workout routine. Use our cycling calorie calculator to estimate how many Calories Burned Cycling . Input the distance, duration, speed to get burned calorie.A 125-pound person will burn roughly 476 calories in an hour when biking on a smooth road. A 155-pound person is estimated to burn just under 600 calories after cycling for an hour. Finally, a 185-pound person will burn 700 calories from an hour-long bike ride. This is assuming that the rider is traveling between 12 to 14 miles per hour for the ...Here’s a breakdown of the average number of calories burned per mile for riders of varying weights and speeds: 150-pound rider at 10 mph = 32-40 calories per mile. 150-pound rider at 12 mph = 40-50 calories per mile. 150-pound rider at 14 mph = 48-60 calories per mile. 200-pound rider at 10 mph = 43-54 calories per mile.Depending on the length of the stride, it takes between 2,000 and 3,000 steps to burn 100 calories. The number of calories burned also depends on speed and weight. Heavier people w...People often choose running to lose weight, which is hardly surprising. The American Council on Exercise prepared a report by which running burns more calories than swimming, dancing, cycling, and other activities.The rate of calorie burn can vary a lot depending on some variables. Cycling Calorie Calculator. Cycling is an excellent way to stay fit and burn calories. Understanding how many calories you burn while biking can help you track your progress and tailor your workouts to achieve your fitness goals. Using a cycling calorie calculator can help determine the number of calories burned in the cycling session, allowing ... You even have two options of doing nothing, sitting or standing. A person weighing 200 lb (91 kg) can burn 143 calories per hour standing up, while 86 calories per hour sitting down. The calories burned weight lifting calculator is convenient for everyone interested in knowing how many calories weight lifting burns.A 185-pound person will burn 294 calories in 30 minutes of a “moderate” stationary bike workout. If you push the pace a bit harder, really put some effort into cycling at a more vigorous pace and tackling more advanced terrain types: A 125-pound person will burn 315 calories in 30 minutes of a “vigorous” stationary bike workout. Calories burned cycling are dependent on your Gross Metabolic Efficiency, but for most people, it’s between 20-25%. That means for every Calorie you burn produces around 1.045 kilojoules. For practical reasons, most cyclists approximate 1 kJ is equal to 1 Calorie. Calories Burned on Stationary Bike Formula. In order to calculate calories burned on a stationary bike, multiply the number of minutes by the specific MET, multiply it by 3.5 and multiply it by weight in kilograms. Then divide the result by 200. To get the weight in kg, multiply lbs by 0.45359237.If so, in addition to watching nutrition, you should try for a more intense workout so that you burn more calories — you might run or jog rather than walk. Likewise, if the …However, I can provide you with a rough estimate based on some average values. On average, a person weighing around 155 pounds (70.3 kilograms) can burn approximately 280-330 calories per hour of moderate-intensity recumbent biking. For a person weighing 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms), the calorie burn …255. 316. 377. As you can see, the number of calories burned by cycling for 30 minutes varies widely by intensity and weight, from 240 calories of easy cycling by a 125-lb. person to 533 calories of intense cycling by a 185-lb. person.If the average person cycles for three hours a week, he or she will burn off an extra 1,470 calories a week. In a year, this will amount to 76,440 calories burned cycling. A pound of body fat equates to approximately 3,500 calories. So 76,440 calories burned could see you losing 22 pounds a year – …360. calories cycling at a speed between 16 and 19 miles per hour. 495. calories cycling at a speed of 20 miles per hour or more. Heavier individuals will burn more calories during the same 30-minute session. For example, the estimated calorie burn for a 185-pound person is: 355 calories cycling at a speed between 12 and 13.9 miles per hour.Jan 18, 2024 · Let's say you went for a whole day trip and were biking for 7 hours straight. Input all of these values into the calorie burned formula: calories = T × 60 × MET × 3.5 × W / 200. calories = 7 × 60 × 9.5 × 3.5 × 90 / 200 = 6284 kcal. Finally, divide this value by 7700 to obtain your weight loss: 6284 / 7700 = 0.82 kg. Dec 9, 2023 · Benefits of Utilizing a Cycling Calories Burned Calculator: A dedicated cycling calorie burn calculator simplifies the process of tracking caloric expenditure. This tool offers a user-friendly interface, enabling riders to input their cycling parameters easily. It delivers personalized insights, empowering cyclists to set realistic fitness targets. A person weighs 180 pounds (81.65kg) and jogs in place (a task that has a MET value of 8.0) for 1 hour (60 minutes). Calories Burned from jogging in place (per minute) = (8 x 81.65 x 3.5) ÷ 200 = 11.43. Calories Burned from jogging in place (for 60 minutes) = 11.43 x 60 = 686.Burned calories (KCAL)with Cycling - Racing (20 mph) 1269. To give you an idea how many calories you burn per hour on a flat road at a certain pace, use the table below or click on the pace you would ike to calculate. The exact numbers may vary from one person to another, because we all have different bodies. Ritmo.In association with SiS.We are often asked the question How Many Calories Do You Burn When Cycling? Dan and Matt provide the answer!Subscribe to GCN: http://...Cycling Calorie Counter | How Many Calories Do I Burn Cycling? Health & Nutrition. Training Plans. Use This Cycling Calorie Counter to Estimate How Many You Burned on a Ride. This tool... calories burned = 30 min × (14 × 3.5) × 140 ÷ 2.2 200. calories burned = 468 calories. If this same woman bikes at the same vigorous effort for 30 minutes on a stationary bike, she will burn: calories burned = 30 min × (6.8 × 3.5) × 140 ÷ 2.2 200. calories burned = 227 calories. This illustrates how the form of biking, and not simply ... Ratcheting up to a racing speed (about 16 to 19 miles per hour, according to the American Council on Exercise ), it takes a tight 3.15 to 3.75 minutes to burn through a mile. If you weigh 170 …If it took you an hour of moderate-intensity pedaling to reach your 10k goal, you will have burned about 622 calories based on the aforementioned estimates from Harvard Health Publishing. If it took you 30 minutes of pedaling at a vigorous intensity to complete your 10k ride, you can go straight to the estimate of …For an average woman*, just a 30 minute moderate cycling session will burn 202 calories, an average man* will burn 225 calories. Increase this to an hour and women will burn 404 cals, while men will burn 450. Up the effort level to a more vigorous pace and an average woman will burn 314 calories in a 30 minute …For a wider view on calorie burn across various physical activities, we encourage you to peruse our extensive exercise calories burned chart, which covers over 300 activities, including biking indoors.. Benefits of Stationary Bike Calorie Burn. In the realm of fitness, modern advancements like indoor cycling and interactive online platforms are reshaping our approach to exercise.May 22, 2014 · The exact number of calories burned during a bike ride can be difficult to gauge. On average, a 180 lb. cyclist riding at a moderate effort level will burn approximately 650 calories per hour. This number is a rough estimate; however, the precise number depends on a number of factors, not all of which are easy to quantify. The table represents ... When cycling without electric assistance, your calorie consumption is the same as on a conventional bicycle. The more you engage the motor assistance, the less your muscles will work, and your calories burned will decrease accordingly. When riding an e-bike, the number of calories burned changes as a percentage of the motor assistance used.A 125-pound person will burn roughly 476 calories in an hour when biking on a smooth road. A 155-pound person is estimated to burn just under 600 calories after cycling for an hour. Finally, a 185-pound person will burn 700 calories from an hour-long bike ride. This is assuming that the rider is traveling between 12 to 14 miles per hour for the ...According to the research carried out by Harvard university, a 155-pounds person cycling at a modest speed of about 12 mph – 13.9 mph burns about 297 …Does negative calorie foods exist? If so, what are they? Learn about negative calorie foods at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement Celery makes me happy. It's a cheerful yet understated s...Last medically reviewed on April 20, 2020. Swimming and running are both excellent forms of cardiovascular exercise. They both burn calories and fat, help with weight loss, tone your muscles, and ...Three weeks, 21 stages, 3,351km, 176 cyclists and a combined burn of 25 million calories — so what exactly goes into fuelling the riders of the Tour de France?Ellipse exercise machines are a great way to get a full-body workout in a short amount of time. They provide a low-impact, high-intensity workout that can help you burn calories an...A person walking 5 miles @ 4mph would use approximately 450 calories(6 cal/min for 75 min). Another person cycling @12mph covers 5 miles in 25 min and burns ...The table below lists the calories burned by doing dozens of activities listed by category (such as gym activities, training and sports activities, home repair etc.) for 30 minutes. Activities and exercises include walking (casual, race, and everything in between), swimming, jogging, yoga, and many more.The formula to calculate the calories you may burn while biking is: Calories = T × 60 × MET × 3.5 × W / 200. where: T – Duration of activity in hours; W – Your …If you play pickleball for an hour, you can burn up to 500-700 calories. By playing pickleball for an hour, three times a week, you can burn up to 1,500-2,100 calories, which can lead to a weight loss of 0.4-0.6 pounds per week. It is important to note that weight loss is not just about burning calories.A 200 lb individual who cycles for 1 hour and goes about 10 miles will expend 648 calories, as per the calories burned cycling calculator. But if a 150 lb individual who rides for 1.5 hours over a distance of around 25 miles would have burnt approximately 1286 calories.Feb 3, 2019 ... "Is it really possible to burn 10000 calories in a single bike ride? Taking inspiration from Mark Beaumont's ultra endurance riding and to ...The number of calories burned during a Peloton ride can vary widely based on several factors. These factors include the duration of the ride, the intensity level, the rider’s weight, and their individual metabolic rate. On average, a person can burn around 300 to 600 calories per hour during a moderate to intense Peloton ride.So, cycling can fall either below or above cycling in terms of calories burned per hour. Jogging. Of course, jogging burns more calories than walking and cycling, and the average number of calories burned when jogging for one hour comes in at about 398. And yes, this is very high. But, as we have made clear earlier, the average …The Calories Burned API calculates the total calories burned for hundreds of sports and activities. It supports custom weight and duration. /v1/caloriesburnedactivities. HTTP GET. Returns the full list of activities supported by this API. Parameters. None. Headers. Weight Loss. Keeping track of calorie intake and output is very popular with those seeking to lose weight by biking. Being aware of the energy requirements for cycling different distances at different speeds can help achieve goal calorie deficits and ultimately weight loss. Calories Burned per Hour. Let’s say I do a 100 km ride that takes me 4 hours, which is approx a 15-16 mph pace. Strava tells me I burned about 1500 cal. Anecdotally people have told me to estimate about 500 cal per hour burned while cycling, so my range would be anywhere from 1500-2000. Does this seem about right to most people?How Many Calories Does 10 Miles of Cycling Burn? · An individual weighing 150 pounds could lose 476 calories · An individual weighing 175 pounds could lose 556 ....Dec 23, 2016 ... A 200-pound man riding a leisurely pace on a mostly flat course would burn 370 calories in one hour of biking. You'll find that the calorie burn ...For example, at full pelt on a racing bike, you will burn fewer calories over 10 km than when cycling 40 km on a trekking bike at a leisurely 15 km/h. The following average values for calorie consumption at medium cycling speeds give some idea of how distance relates to calories burned: 1 km ≈ 23 kcal. 10 km ≈ 230 kcal.Calories burned – Losing weight is all about using up calories. When it comes to burning calories, cycling is a much faster way to lose weight than walking. On flat ground, a 150-pound person would burn roughly 600 calories cycling for an hour (depending on speed) compared to only about 300 calories per hour walking.For example, at full pelt on a racing bike, you will burn fewer calories over 10 km than when cycling 40 km on a trekking bike at a leisurely 15 km/h. The following average values for calorie consumption at medium cycling speeds give some idea of how distance relates to calories burned: 1 km ≈ 23 kcal. 10 km ≈ …Jan 15, 2024 · The Calories Burned Biking Calculator provides an estimated caloric expenditure based on your specific inputs. For instance, a person weighing 155 pounds (approximately 70 kg) might burn approximately 298 calories during 30 minutes of moderate biking. For an average woman*, just a 30 minute moderate cycling session will burn 202 calories, an average man* will burn 225 calories. Increase this to an hour and women will burn 404 cals, while men will burn 450. Up the effort level to a more vigorous pace and an average woman will burn 314 calories in a 30 minute …Rough guide. These numbers are rough estimates. The amount of calories you burn depends on a lot of factors, including your physiology, the terrain you’re riding …Cycling. There’s nothing like a nice evening bike ride when the weather’s nice, and it’s actually a great workout too. A long, steady bike ride can burn up to 500 to 700 calories in an hour ...That translates into about 250 calories burnt every day if you bike at a leisurely pace. However, if you decide to push a little harder for a moderate-intensity ...Sep 25, 2006 ... A casual century rider will burn approx. 500 calories per hour. Yes, there might be a very, very slight variation depending on weight, but 500 ...According to the Galaxy Watch 4, I burned 514 calories and averaged 9.5 miles per hour on my approximately 10-mile ride. My bike’s odometer registered a near-identical distance.How long it takes to burn 100 calories depends on the type of activity. Every activity, from breathing to step aerobics, burns calories. Everyday chores, such as sweeping and moppi...360. calories cycling at a speed between 16 and 19 miles per hour. 495. calories cycling at a speed of 20 miles per hour or more. Heavier individuals will burn more calories during the same 30-minute session. For example, the estimated calorie burn for a 185-pound person is: 355 calories cycling at a speed between 12 and 13.9 miles per hour.Usually, an average person can expect to burn between 400 and 600 calories in a 50-minute indoor cycling session. However, those who are more experienced or have higher levels of fitness may be able to burn …To convert walking speed from meters per second to kilometers per hour, multiply it by 3.6. To convert walking speed from feet per second to miles per hour, multiply it by 0.6818. From yards per second to miles per hour, multiply by 2.0454. To convert from inches per second to miles per hour, you multiply by 0.0568182.calories burned = 30 min × (14 × 3.5) × 140 ÷ 2.2 200. calories burned = 468 calories. If this same woman bikes at the same vigorous effort for 30 minutes on a stationary bike, she will burn: calories burned = 30 min × (6.8 × 3.5) × 140 ÷ 2.2 200. calories burned = 227 calories. This illustrates how the form of biking, and not simply ...The number of calories that cycling and running burn depends on several factors, such as speed, terrain, weight, and the person’s metabolism. People who weigh more will burn more calories during ...Three weeks, 21 stages, 3,351km, 176 cyclists and a combined burn of 25 million calories — so what exactly goes into fuelling the riders of the Tour de France?How Many Calories Does 10 Miles of Cycling Burn? · An individual weighing 150 pounds could lose 476 calories · An individual weighing 175 pounds could lose 556 ....Cycling can help burn calories, but it's wise to ensure your diet and strength training routines are also supporting a healthy weight balance and body composition. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a dated, biased measure that doesn’t account for several factors, such as body composition, ethnicity, race, gender, and age.The actual rate is 4.18kJs = 1 calorie, but people range from 20 to 25 percent efficiency. So for every 100 calories burned in exercise, only 20 to 25 calories propel you forward and are measured ...For example, a 175-pound (79-kg) person running at moderate intensity (12-minute mile pace, or 7 minutes per km) for about 1 hour burns around 889 calories, or 222 calories every 15 minutes ...How long it takes to burn 100 calories depends on the type of activity. Every activity, from breathing to step aerobics, burns calories. Everyday chores, such as sweeping and moppi...Calories Burned Cycling or Riding a Bike (2015, nutristrategy.com) Calories burned in 30 minutes for people of three different weights (2004, health.harvard.edu) Counting calories: Get back to weight-loss basics (2018, mayoclinic.org) Endurance training in fasting conditions: biological adaptations and body …Meanwhile, if cycling at a greater speed of 14 mph – 15.9 mph, he will burn 371 calories. The amount of calories burned from a 150-pound person riding bike at different speed: A 190-pounds person riding a bike 10 miles burns 648 calories from this chart above. A 130-pounds person burns 443 calories on a 10-mile bike ride.Harvard Medical School reckons that the calorie burn rate for a 70kg rider riding indoors at around 20kph is in the region of 600 calories an hour. Increase your speed to 25kph and that might rise ...The actual rate is 4.18kJs = 1 calorie, but people range from 20 to 25 percent efficiency. So for every 100 calories burned in exercise, only 20 to 25 calories propel you forward and are measured ... 100 Watts = 100 J/s. 100 J/s * 3600 s/hr = 360 000 J/hr. 360 000 J/hr = 360 KJ /hr. 358 KCal/hr at 100 watts. The math conveniently works out such that you can say the number of kilojoules put into the pedals is about equal to the number of kilocalories burned. It's a good approximation to within 10% or so. zackham. Cycling. There’s nothing like a nice evening bike ride when the weather’s nice, and it’s actually a great workout too. A long, steady bike ride can burn up to 500 to 700 calories in an hour ...Calories -- people are constantly counting them and cutting them. At any given time, millions of people are trying to slim down. Learn all about calories and exactly how (and why) ...Therefore, cycling at high speeds burns more calories. Generally speaking, cycling 12 to 14 miles per hour for 30 minutes will cause a 155-pound person to burn around 300 calories. If that same person ups their speed to 16 miles per hour, the number of calories burned jumps to 370.Burned calories (KCAL)with Cycling - Racing (20 mph) 1269. To give you an idea how many calories you burn per hour on a flat road at a certain pace, use the table below or click on the pace you would ike to calculate. The exact numbers may vary from one person to another, because we all have different bodies. Ritmo. calories burned = 30 min × (14 × 3.5) × 140 ÷ 2.2 200. calories burned = 468 calories. If this same woman bikes at the same vigorous effort for 30 minutes on a stationary bike, she will burn: calories burned = 30 min × (6.8 × 3.5) × 140 ÷ 2.2 200. calories burned = 227 calories. This illustrates how the form of biking, and not simply ... Exploring Cycling’s Calorie Burn: The caloric expenditure while cycling is influenced by various factors. Speed, terrain, duration, and the cyclist’s weight play …Cycling. There’s nothing like a nice evening bike ride when the weather’s nice, and it’s actually a great workout too. A long, steady bike ride can burn up to 500 to 700 calories in an hour ...When using Peloton, calories burned is always a huge point of curiosity since Peloton cycling classes are commonly used to lose weight and calories in vs calories out is the fundamental of weight loss. 7 However, Peloton offers a large selection of classes so we’ll review the calories burned in each Pelton cycling class, as well as …The Calories Burned API calculates the total calories burned for hundreds of sports and activities. It supports custom weight and duration. /v1/caloriesburnedactivities. HTTP GET. Returns the full list of activities supported by this API. Parameters. None. Headers.Using a cycling calorie calculator can help determine the number of calories burned in the cycling session, allowing you to make informed decisions about your workout routine. Use our cycling calorie calculator to estimate how many Calories Burned Cycling . Input the distance, duration, speed to get burned calorie.The table below lists the calories burned by doing dozens of activities listed by category (such as gym activities, training and sports activities, home repair etc.) for 30 minutes. Activities and exercises include walking (casual, race, and everything in between), swimming, jogging, yoga, and many more.As a rule of thumb, you’d achieve the following calorie consumption during 60 minutes of cycling: Speed up to 15 km/h ≈ 300 kcal. Speed up to 18 km/h ≈ 420 kcal. Speed up to 22 km/h ≈ 600 kcal. Speed up to 28 km/h ≈ 850 kcal. Speed over 28 km/h ≈ 1,000 kcal. Half an hour on the bike at 18 km/h burns about 210 kcal.Last medically reviewed on April 20, 2020. Swimming and running are both excellent forms of cardiovascular exercise. They both burn calories and fat, help with weight loss, tone your muscles, and ...The same person will burn 354 calories while cycling with light effort, and burn 207 calories per hour when walking at a moderate pace . Likewise, if a person weighs 155 lbs and runs for an hour at a speed of 10 mph, he is likely to burn 1126 calories compared to the same distance of biking, which will burn …Scientists agree that when cycling, 20-25% of each calorie burned is actually applied to your pedals. The more efficient your body is, the higher that percentage will be. And remember, we also know 1 calorie can produce 4.186 kJs of work. Using those numbers, let’s look at some example calorie burn calculations. Calories burned cycling are dependent on your Gross Metabolic Efficiency, but for most people, it’s between 20-25%. That means for every Calorie you burn produces around 1.045 kilojoules. For practical reasons, most cyclists approximate 1 kJ is equal to 1 Calorie. So, cycling can fall either below or above cycling in terms of calories burned per hour. Jogging. Of course, jogging burns more calories than walking and cycling, and the average number of calories burned when jogging for one hour comes in at about 398. And yes, this is very high. But, as we have made clear earlier, the average …The same individual will burn about 350 calories cycling at a moderate pace for 30 minutes. In this case, running burns slightly more calories than riding on a Peloton bike. However, these calculations don’t factor in the type of ride or increased intensity. A 150-pound individual who picks up the pace on a bike will burn 420 calories in 30 ... Flat vs. Incline. Cycling on flat terrain is far easier than pedaling uphill, which is why you burn more calories with the former. For example, a 175-pound person biking on flat terrain at 15 mph burns about 353 calories per hour. The same person traveling at the same speed burns about 984 calories per hour going up a 3 percent incline. Oct 1, 2020 · The Number of Calories Burned Cycling. October 1, 2020 by Sarah Lauzé. Everyone has their own reasons for cycling, whether it be that feeling of freedom out on the open road, a way of commuting, or a means to be able to eat whatever you want. (Not going to lie, being able to enjoy a beer guilt-free is worth putting in a few extra miles). Rough guide. These numbers are rough estimates. The amount of calories you burn depends on a lot of factors, including your physiology, the terrain you’re riding … Kilojoules and calories burned cycling. Power output is calculated on bicycle with the equation: Power in watts = Torque x Cadence. This is a cycling-specific version of the general equation Power = Force x Velocity. A kilojoule is unit of energy representing the work performed by producing watts in a given amount of time: Kilojoules = (watts x ... You can burn as many as 750 to 1,000 calories per hour if the biking is hard and continuous. Most people don't work that hard, and so 500-600 calories is more likely. But your calorie expenditure will vary greatly depending on whether you're on a stationary or outdoor bike, how hard you work, how efficient your bike is, and other factors.May 17, 2022 · According to Harvard University, the number of calories burned biking indoors at a “moderate” pace depends on your weight. Moderate pace relates to riding between 12 and 13.9mph. For 30 minutes, the following are calories burned by average weight: • 57kg: 210 calories. • 70kg: 260 calories. If a person who weighs 155 pounds (73 kg) bikes for 10 miles at a moderate pace, they would burn approximately 480 calories. However, a person weighing 198 pounds (90 kg) would burn approximately 620 calories biking the same distance at the same pace. This demonstrates how essential body weight is in calculating calorie burn. Biking Calorie ...Sep 24, 2007 ... He found that if you ride at 15 mph, you burn 31 calories per mile. This means if you ride 20 miles you burn 20 x 31 = 620 calories. Take the ...Mar 15, 2022 · Graph 3: The number of calories burned on both rides – one with electric assistance, one without. Notice that when Ron used electric assistance, he burned up 444 calories. When he did the bike ride without electric assistance, he burned up 552 calories. So riding with electrical assistance resulted in burning only 20% less calories. Burning ... Feb 1, 2024 ... How many calories does cycling burn in 1 hour? For the average person cycling burns 400 calories per hour at a speed of 8 mph. Cycling at 14 mph ...Cycling can help burn calories, but it's wise to ensure your diet and strength training routines are also supporting a healthy weight balance and body composition. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a dated, biased measure that doesn’t account for several factors, such as body composition, ethnicity, race, gender, and age.A person weighs 180 pounds (81.65kg) and does 100 watt, moderate effort rowing (a task that has a MET value of 7.0) for 1 hour (60 minutes). Calories Burned from 100 watt, moderate effort rowing (per minute) = (7 x 81.65 x 3.5) / 200 = 10.00. Calories Burned from 100 watt, moderate effort rowing (for 60 minutes) = …How Many Calories Does Cycling Burn Per Hour? When it comes to cycling, calorie burn is, admittedly, slower than other forms of exercise like running, for …May 17, 2022 · According to Harvard University, the number of calories burned biking indoors at a “moderate” pace depends on your weight. Moderate pace relates to riding between 12 and 13.9mph. For 30 minutes, the following are calories burned by average weight: • 57kg: 210 calories. • 70kg: 260 calories. Jan 18, 2024 · Let's say you went for a whole day trip and were biking for 7 hours straight. Input all of these values into the calorie burned formula: calories = T × 60 × MET × 3.5 × W / 200. calories = 7 × 60 × 9.5 × 3.5 × 90 / 200 = 6284 kcal. Finally, divide this value by 7700 to obtain your weight loss: 6284 / 7700 = 0.82 kg. | Ckzqrzghuhaa (article) | Mmbwr.