Wang X, Peng Y, Lu L, Lu Z, Bagheri M, Summers RM. ChestX-Ray8: Hospital-Scale Chest X-Ray Database and Benchmarks on Weakly-Supervised Classification and Localization of Common Thorax Diseases. In: 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2017.Andrew Y. Ng. Page 4. 1. Abstract. Shaping and policy search in Reinforcement learning by. Andrew Y. Ng. Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science. University of ...Andrew Y. Ng [email protected] Computer Science Department, Stanford University, CA 94305 USA Abstract We present a new machine learning frame-work called \self-taught learning" for using unlabeled data in supervised classi cation tasks. We do notNigeria's .ng domains cost more than double what it takes to register a .com, .org or .net domain. On the internet, Nigerians are opting for more global identities through web addr...This repo contains the updated version of all the assignments/labs (done by me) of Deep Learning Specialization on Coursera by Andrew Ng. It includes building various deep learning models from scratch and implementing them for object detection, facial recognition, autonomous driving, neural machine translation, trigger word detection, etc.Listen here, Hunty. RuPaul’s Drag Race is undeniably one of the highest rated reality TV shows in the world — for darn good reason. The tongue-in-cheek competition series has raise...Feb 22, 2024 · The estimated Net Worth of Andrew Y. Ng is at least $132 Million dollars as of 20 February 2024. Dr Ng owns over 75,000 units of Coursera stock worth over $107,450,233 and over the last 2 years he sold COUR stock worth over $24,835,204. Andrew Y. Ng Stanford University, Demis Hassabis DeepMind, John C. Platt Google AI, Felix Creutzig Mercator Research Institute on Global Commonsand Climate Change and Technische Universität Berlin, Jennifer Chayes University of California, Berkeley, ...Andrew Ng [email protected] Download PDF Abstract Suppose that, for a learning task, we have to select one hypothesis out of a set of hypotheses (that may, for example, have been generated by multiple applications of a randomized learning algorithm). A ...Andrew Ng is founder of DeepLearning.AI, general partner at AI Fund, chairman and cofounder of Coursera, and an adjunct professor at Stanford University. As a pioneer both in machine learning and online education, Dr. Ng has changed countless lives through his work in AI, authoring or co-authoring over 100 research papers in machine learning, robotics, and related …We present a new machine learning framework called "self-taught learning" for using unlabeled data in supervised classification tasks. We do not assume that the unlabeled data follows the same class labels or generative distribution as the labeled data. Thus, we would like to use a large number of unlabeled images (or audio samples, or text ...Andrew Ng shares a vision for democratizing access to AI, empowering any business to make decisions that will increase their profit and productivity. Learn how we could build a richer society – all with just a few self-provided data points.The Machine Learning Specialization is a foundational online program created in collaboration between Stanford Online and DeepLearning.AI. This beginner-friendly program will teach you the fundamentals of machine learning and how to use these techniques to build real-world AI applications. This 3-course Specialization is an updated and expanded ...Efficient sparse coding algorithms Honglak Lee Alexis Battle Rajat Raina Andrew Y. Ng Computer Science Department Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Abstract Sparse coding provides a class of algorithms for finding succinct representations of stimuli; givenAndrew Y. Ng Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA View Profile Authors Info & Claims NIPS'05: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Neural Information ...This short course taught by Isa Fulford (OpenAI) and Andrew Ng (DeepLearning.AI) will ... Andrew Ng. Instructor. Founder, DeepLearning.AI; Co-founder, Coursera.Andrew Ng [email protected] Download PDF Abstract Linear text classification algorithms work by computing an inner product between a test document vector and a parameter vector. In many such algorithms, including naive Bayes and most TFIDF variants ...Jan 9, 2019 · Awni Y Hannun # 1 , Pranav Rajpurkar # 2 , Masoumeh Haghpanahi # 3 , Geoffrey H Tison # 4 , Codie Bourn 3 , Mintu P Turakhia 5 6 , Andrew Y Ng 2 Affiliations 1 Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. [email protected]. Andrew Y. Ng. Page 4. 1. Abstract. Shaping and policy search in Reinforcement learning by. Andrew Y. Ng. Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science. University of ...Andrew Y. Ng [email protected] Computer Science Department, Stanford University, CA 94305 USA Abstract We present a new machine learning frame-work called \self-taught learning" for using unlabeled data in supervised classi cation tasks. We do notsocher-etal-2012-semantic. Cite (ACL): Richard Socher, Brody Huval, Christopher D. Manning, and Andrew Y. Ng. 2012. Semantic Compositionality through Recursive Matrix-Vector Spaces. In Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 1201–1211, Jeju ...Jan 9, 2019 · Awni Y Hannun # 1 , Pranav Rajpurkar # 2 , Masoumeh Haghpanahi # 3 , Geoffrey H Tison # 4 , Codie Bourn 3 , Mintu P Turakhia 5 6 , Andrew Y Ng 2 Affiliations 1 Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. [email protected]. This short course taught by Isa Fulford (OpenAI) and Andrew Ng (DeepLearning.AI) will ... Andrew Ng. Instructor. Founder, DeepLearning.AI; Co-founder, Coursera.We describe latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), a generative probabilistic model for collections of discrete data such as text corpora. LDA is a three-level hierarchical Bayesian model, in which each item of a collection is modeled as a finite mixture over an underlying set of topics. Each topic is, in turn, modeled as an infinite mixture over ...8 Nov 2021 ... Artificial intelligence pioneer Andrew Ng, the founder of the Google Brain research lab and the former chief scientist of Baidu, has raised $57 ...31 Mar 2017 ... Classification and Representation Machine Learning - Stanford University | Coursera by Andrew Ng Please visit Coursera site: ... Daphne Koller and Andrew Y. Ng. In Journal of Machine Learning Research, 7:1743-1788, 2006. [9] Autonomous helicopter tracking and localization using a self-calibrating cam-era array, Masa Matsuoka, Surya Singh, Alan Chen, Adam Coates, Andrew Y. Ng and Sebastian Thrun. In International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR), 2006. アンドリュー・ヤン＝タック・ン （ 英語: Andrew Yan-Tak Ng 、 中国語: 吳恩達 、 1976年 4月18日 - ）は、 中国系アメリカ人 の計算機科学者、 人工知能 研究者、投資家、起業家、 Google Brain （ 英語版 ） の共同設立者、 Baidu の元副社長兼チーフサイエンティスト ... Andrew Y. Ng | Papers With Code. Search Results for author: Andrew Y. Ng. Found 68 papers, 30 papers with code. Date Published. CloudTracks: A Dataset for Localizing Ship Tracks in …Jan 3, 2001 · A new method for automatic indexing and retrieval to take advantage of implicit higher-order structure in the association of terms with documents (“semantic structure”) in order to improve the detection of relevant documents on the basis of terms found in queries. Expand. 12,540. PDF. Andrew Ng [email protected] Michael Jordan Download PDF Abstract We compare discriminative and generative learning as typified by logistic regression and naive Bayes. We show, contrary to a widelyheld belief that discriminative classifiers are almost ... Despite many empirical successes of spectral clustering methods— algorithms that cluster points using eigenvectors of matrices derived from the data—there are several unresolved issues. Contrastive learning is a form of self-supervision that can leverage unlabeled data to produce pretrained models. While contrastive learning has demonstrated promising results on natural image classification tasks, its application to medical imaging tasks like chest X-ray interpretation has been limited. In this work, we propose MoCo-CXR, which is an adaptation of …Tap to unmute. Your browser can't play this video. Learn more. Andrew Ng. Home. Shorts. Library. Andrew Ng. @andrewyantakng‧20.5K subscribers‧16 videos‧.Andrew Y. Ng View Profile, Stuart J. Russell View Profile Authors Info & Claims ICML '00: Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning June 2000 Pages 663–670 Published: 29 June 2000 Publication History 271 citation 0 0 0 ...Andrew Yan-Tak Ng (Chinese: 吳恩達; born 1976) is a British-American computer scientist and technology entrepreneur focusing on machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). Ng was a cofounder and head of Google Brain and was the former Chief Scientist at Baidu, building the company's … See moreFeb 22, 2024 · The estimated Net Worth of Andrew Y. Ng is at least $131 Million dollars as of 20 February 2024. Dr Ng owns over 75,000 units of Coursera stock worth over $106,246,110 and over the last 2 years he sold COUR stock worth over $24,835,204. 12 Apr 2017 ... Neural Networks : Representation Machine Learning - Stanford University | Coursera by Andrew Ng Please visit Coursera site: ...What you’ll learn in this course. In ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers, you will learn how to use a large language model (LLM) to quickly build new and powerful applications. Using the OpenAI API, you’ll be able to quickly build capabilities that learn to innovate and create value in ways that were cost-prohibitive, highly technical ...Thesis: Learning and Control with Inaccurate Models (2010) Honglak Lee (Assistant Professor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Thesis: Unsupervised Feature Learning via Sparse Hierarchical Representations (2010) Rajat Raina (Research Scientist, Facebook) Thesis: Self-taught learning (2009) Ashutosh Saxena (Assistant Professor, Cornell University) Vivek Shankar, Xiaoli Yang, Vrishab Krishna, Brent Tan, Oscar Silva, Rebecca Rojansky, Andrew Y. Ng, Fabiola Valvert, Edward Briercheck, David Weinstock, Yasodha Natkunam, Sebastian Fernandez-Pol, Pranav Rajpurkar: LymphoML: An interpretable artificial intelligence-based method identifies morphologic features that correlate with lymphoma subtype. Andrew Ng is part of Stanford Profiles, official site for faculty, postdocs, students and staff information (Expertise, Bio, Research, Publications, and more). The site facilitates research and collaboration in academic endeavors. Coursera, Inc. (NYSE:COUR) Director Andrew Y. Ng has recently made significant changes to his holdings in the company, according to a new SEC filing. On March 19 and 20, Ng sold a total of 75,000 ...Andrew Y. Ng View Profile, Daishi Harada View Profile, Stuart J. Russell View Profile Authors Info & Claims ICML '99: Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Machine Learning June 1999 Pages 278–287 Published: 27 June 1999 235 citation 0 ... Andrew Ng is founder of DeepLearning.AI, general partner at AI Fund, chairman and cofounder of Coursera, and an adjunct professor at Stanford University. As a pioneer both in machine learning and online education, Dr. Ng has changed countless lives through his work in AI, authoring or co-authoring over 100 research papers in machine learning ... Andrew Y. Ng [email protected] Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Abstract There has been much interest in unsuper-vised learning of …Oct 8, 2020 · 1 code implementation • 30 Jun 2014 • Andrew L. Maas, Peng Qi, Ziang Xie, Awni Y. Hannun, Christopher T. Lengerich, Daniel Jurafsky, Andrew Y. Ng We compare standard DNNs to convolutional networks, and present the first experiments using locally-connected, untied neural networks for acoustic modeling. Andrew Yan-Tak Ng is a British-American computer scientist and technology entrepreneur focusing on machine learning and artificial intelligence . Ng was a.Led by Andrew Ng, this course provides a broad introduction to machine learning and statistical pattern recognition. Topics include: supervised learning (gen...Andrew Y. Ng Michael Jordan We describe latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), a generative probabilistic model for collections of discrete data such as text corpora.We consider supervised learning in the presence of very many irrelevant features, and study two different regularization methods for preventing overfitting. Focusing on logistic regression, we show that using L 1 regularization of the parameters, the sample complexity (i.e., the number of training examples required to learn "well,") grows only logarithmically …Andrew Y. Ng is with Stanford University, CA 94305, United States Celine M. Vachon is with Mayo Clinic Hospital, AZ 85054, United States Nico Karssemeijer and Katharina Holland are with Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen ...We describe latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), a generative probabilistic model for collections of discrete data such as text corpora. LDA is a three-level hierarchical Bayesian model, in which each item of a collection is modeled as a finite mixture over an underlying ...Mr Andrew Wai Yan NG Solicitor & Notary Public Contact Info Tel: (852) 2123 1068 Fax: (852) 2123 1990 Email: [email protected] Address 10A, 10/F, 128 WELLINGTON STREET, CENTRAL, HONG KONG - CENTRAL MTR Station Exit D2 ...CS229 Winter 2003 2 To establish notation for future use, we’ll use x(i) to denote the “input” variables (living area in this example), also called input features, and y(i) to denote the “output” or target variable that we are trying to predict (price). A pair (x(i),y(i)) is called a training example, and the dataset ...Andrew Y. Ng Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, [email protected] View all articles by this author Metrics and citations Metrics Journals metrics This article was published in The International Journal of Robotics. * * ...There are 4 modules in this course. In the fourth course of the Deep Learning Specialization, you will understand how computer vision has evolved and become familiar with its exciting applications such as autonomous driving, face recognition, reading radiology images, and more. By the end, you will be able to build a convolutional neural ... Thesis: Learning and Control with Inaccurate Models (2010) Honglak Lee (Assistant Professor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Thesis: Unsupervised Feature Learning via Sparse Hierarchical Representations (2010) Rajat Raina (Research Scientist, Facebook) Thesis: Self-taught learning (2009) Ashutosh Saxena (Assistant Professor, Cornell University) Journal of Machine Learning Research 3 (2003) 993-1022 Submitted 2/02; Published 1/03 Latent Dirichlet Allocation David M. Blei [email protected] Computer Science Division University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Andrew Y. Ng [email protected] Ng. Publications. Searched The ACM Guide to Computing Literature (3,647,842 records) | Limit your search to The ACM Full-Text Collection (727,666 records) Results. Showing 1 - 20 …Andrew Ng About Publications Projects Courses Data-centric AI Contact Home Publications Feature selection, L1 vs. L2 regularization, and rotational invariance Feature selection, L1 vs. L2 regularization, and rotational invariance Authored by Andrew Ng ang@cs ...Adam Coates, Andrej Karpathy, Andrew Y. Ng. NIPS'12: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems - Volume 2 • December 2012, pp 2690-2798. Recent work in unsupervised feature learning has focused on the goal of discovering high-level features from unlabeled images.Richard Socher, Andrej Karpathy, Quoc V. Le, Christopher D. Manning, and Andrew Y. Ng. 2014. Grounded Compositional Semantics for Finding and Describing Images with Sentences. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2:207–218.Sep 7, 2023 · September 7, 2023 7:00 AM EDT. Back in 2010, Andrew Ng, then a professor at Stanford University, sent a proposal to Google’s leadership. He argued that Google should train neural networks, a ... 29 Apr 2020 ... Andrew Ng's ML course excercise using python: gradient descent ... I have been trying to implement the solutions of Andrew Ng's ... (y); % number of .....Andrew Ng [email protected] Download PDF Abstract Linear text classification algorithms work by computing an inner product between a test document vector and a parameter vector. In many such algorithms, including naive Bayes and most TFIDF variants ...Andrew Y. Ng Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA View Profile Authors Info & Claims NIPS'13: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Neural Information ...Eric H. Huang, Richard Socher, Christopher D. Manning and Andrew Y. Ng in ACL 2012. Read more Convolutional-Recursive Deep Learning for 3D Object ClassificationUniversity at Buffalo. Ogo 2013 - Feb 2019 5 tahun 7 bulan. Buffalo/Niagara, New York Area. • Led collaborations between the University at Buffalo and the University of Pennsylvania in research projects deploying a leading proteomics platform to characterize genes in bone development and skeletal aging.Sarkis LM, Jones AC, Ng A, et al. (2023) Australasian Sleep Association position statement on consensus and evidence based treatment for primary snoring. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) Reeves RA, Miller CJ, Wang D, et al. ( 2022 ) Use of High-Resolution Ultrasound to Guide Alcohol Neurolysis for Chronic Pain.Andrew Y. Ng | Papers With Code. Search Results for author: Andrew Y. Ng. Found 68 papers, 30 papers with code. Date Published. CloudTracks: A Dataset for Localizing Ship Tracks in …Mr Andrew Wai Yan NG Solicitor & Notary Public Contact Info Tel: (852) 2123 1068 Fax: (852) 2123 1990 Email: [email protected] Address 10A, 10/F, 128 WELLINGTON STREET, CENTRAL, HONG KONG - CENTRAL MTR Station Exit D2 ...Sensitivity and Specificity. We consider the problem of estimating detailed 3D structure from a single still image of an unstructured environment. Our goal is to create 3D models that are both quantitatively accurate as well as visually pleasing. For each small homogeneous patch in the image, we use a Markov Random Field (MRF) …. Andrew Ng is founder of DeepLearning.AI, general partner at AI Fund, chairman and cofounder of Coursera, and an adjunct professor at Stanford University. As a pioneer both in machine learning and online education, Dr. Ng has changed countless lives through his work in AI, authoring or co-authoring over 100 research papers in machine learning ... Andrew Ng archive page September 12, 2023 Nico Ortega This essay is part of MIT Technology Review’s 2023 Innovators Under 35 package. Meet this year’s honorees. Innovation is a powerful engine ...Adding trainee for Andrew Ng Type a name and select match from the drop-down list. If no match exists, you will be prompted to add a new person to the tree. Adding mentor for Andrew Ng Type a name and select match from the drop-down list. If no match existsTap to unmute. Your browser can't play this video. Learn more. Andrew Ng. Home. Shorts. Library. Andrew Ng. @andrewyantakng‧20.5K subscribers‧16 videos‧.10 Feb 2015 ... This set of videos come from Andrew Ng's courses on Stanford OpenClassroom at http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/HomePage.php ...Andrew Ng. Stanford University. Verified email at cs.stanford.edu - Homepage. Machine Learning Deep Learning AI. Articles Cited by Public access. Title. ... Y Netzer, T Wang, A Coates, A …Awni Y Hannun # 1 , Pranav Rajpurkar # 2 , Masoumeh Haghpanahi # 3 , Geoffrey H Tison # 4 , Codie Bourn 3 , Mintu P Turakhia 5 6 , Andrew Y Ng 2 Affiliations 1 Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. [email protected] Ng is Founder of DeepLearning.AI, General Partner at AI Fund, Chairman and Co-Founder of Coursera, and an Adjunct Professor at Stanford University. As a pioneer both in machine learning and online education, Dr. …Everyone knows that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, but having the same bowl of cereal every morning can leave you feeling uninspired. Switch up your routine and t...Andrew Y. Ng, and Christopher Potts Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 [amaas, rdaly, ptpham, yuze, ang, cgpotts]@stanford.edu Abstract Unsupervised vector-based approaches to se-mantics can model rich lexical meanings, but they largely fail to ...Andrew Y. Ng [email protected]. Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Abstract. We consider supervised learning in the ...Andrew L. Maas, Raymond E. Daly, Peter T. Pham, Dan Huang, Andrew Y. Ng, and Christopher Potts Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 [amaas, rdaly, ptpham, yuze, ang, …Journal of Machine Learning Research 3 (2003) 993-1022 Submitted 2/02; Published 1/03 Latent Dirichlet Allocation David M. Blei [email protected] Computer Science Division University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Andrew Y. Ng [email protected] Y. Ng, and Christopher Potts Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 [amaas, rdaly, ptpham, yuze, ang, cgpotts]@stanford.edu Abstract Unsupervised vector-based approaches to se-mantics can model rich lexical meanings, but they largely fail to ...Andrew Ng. Photo: Ariel Zambelich/Wired. There's a theory that human intelligence stems from a single algorithm. The idea arises from experiments suggesting that the portion of your brain...
22 Mar 2017 ... Hace algo más de un siglo que la electricidad transformó nuestro mundo, y ahora lo mismo ocurrirá con la inteligencia artificial, .... My cecil
The Machine Learning Specialization is a foundational online program created in collaboration between Stanford Online and DeepLearning.AI. This beginner-friendly program will teach you the fundamentals of machine learning and how to use these techniques to build real-world AI applications. This 3-course Specialization is an updated and expanded ...Zero-Shot Learning Through Cross-Modal Transfer Richard Socher, Milind Ganjoo, Christopher D. Manning, Andrew Y. Ng Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA [email protected], fmganjoo, [email protected], ang@CS229 Winter 2003 2 To establish notation for future use, we’ll use x(i) to denote the “input” variables (living area in this example), also called input features, and y(i) to denote the “output” or target variable that we are trying to predict (price). A pair (x(i),y(i)) is called a training example, and the dataset ...Andrew Yan-Tak Ng (1976, en chino: 吳恩達) es un profesor asociado en el departamento de Ciencias de la Computación y del departamento de Ingeniería ...Papers by Andrew Y. Ng with links to code and results. RadGraph: Extracting Clinical Entities and Relations from Radiology Reports 1 code implementation • 28 Jun 2021 • Saahil Jain, Ashwin Agrawal, Adriel Saporta, Steven QH Truong, Du Nguyen Duong, Tan Bui, Pierre Chambon, Yuhao Zhang, Matthew P. Lungren, Andrew Y. Ng, Curtis P. Langlotz, …Specialization - 5 course series. The Deep Learning Specialization is a foundational program that will help you understand the capabilities, challenges, and consequences of deep learning and prepare you to participate in the development of leading-edge AI technology. In this Specialization, you will build and train neural network architectures ...Andrew L. Maas, Raymond E. Daly, Peter T. Pham, Dan Huang, Andrew Y. Ng, and Christopher Potts. 2011. Learning Word Vectors for Sentiment Analysis. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pages 142–150, Portland, Oregon, USA. Association for Computational ...Andrew Ng [email protected] Michael Jordan Download PDF Abstract We compare discriminative and generative learning as typified by logistic regression and naive Bayes. We show, contrary to a widelyheld belief that discriminative classifiers are almost ...Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network Awni Y. Hannun *, Pranav Rajpurkar *, Masoumeh Haghpanahi *, Geoffrey H. Tison *, Codie Bourn, Mintu P. …In this Intel on AI podcast episode guest Andrew Ng joins host Abigail Hing Wen to talk about the future of AI. Artificial intelligence has so much buzz ...Office：. Hong Kong. Andrew Y. Yan. Andy Yan joined SAIF in October 2001 and heads SAIF as the Managing Partner. Prior to joining SAIF, Mr. Yan was Managing Director & Head of Hong Kong Office of Emerging Markets Partnership which is the Principal Advisor to AIG Asian Infrastructure Funds. He has held the position of Director for Strategic ...22 May 2017 ... Andrew Ng is one of Stanford's most famed and recognized computer science professor. He is immensely experienced in machine learning and deep ...6 Jul 2017 ... Authors:Pranav Rajpurkar, Awni Y. Hannun, Masoumeh Haghpanahi, Codie Bourn, Andrew Y. Ng. Download a PDF of the paper titled Cardiologist ... Shared by Andrew Ng Was a pleasure planning and teaching a six-part course on building applications on vector databases (Pinecone) with Andrew Ng for DeepLearning.AI.… Tap to unmute. Your browser can't play this video. Learn more. Andrew Ng. Home. Shorts. Library. Andrew Ng. @andrewyantakng‧20.5K subscribers‧16 videos‧.Inverse RL algorithms exploit the fact that an expert demonstration implicitly encodes the reward function of the task at hand. Reinforcement learning and related frameworks are often used as computational models for animal and human learning (Watkins 1989 ; Schmajuk and Zanutto 1997 ; Touretzky and Saksida 1997 )..